INTRODUCTION:

Alcea rosea, commonly known as Hollyhock, belongs to the family Malvaceae, a family that also includes cotton, hibiscus, and okra. The plant is native to Asia and Europe but is now cultivated worldwide due to its ornamental and medicinal value. In India, it is known as "Gulkhaira" and is traditionally used in the Unani and Ayurvedic traditional healing systems. Hollyhock is a biennial short-lived perennial that can reach up to 3 meters in height, bearing large, vibrant flowers in colors ranging from pink and red to white, yellow, and even nearly black.¹

Received on 20.03.2025 Revised on 28.05.2025

Accepted on 08.07.2025 Published on 04.10.2025

Available online from October 10, 2025

Asian J. Res. Pharm. Sci. 2025; 15(4):423-428.

DOI: 10.52711/2231-5659.2025.00063

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Creative Commons License.

It is primarily grown for decorative purposes, but its medicinal applications have gained significant attention overthe years.¹

In Ayurveda, Alcea rosea is utilized as a cooling agent with demulcent and emollient properties. It is often used to soothe mucous membranes, treat skin conditions, and heal wounds. In Unani medicine, it is applied to alleviate respiratory and digestive issues. The plant's traditional uses in Indian medicine often align with those observed in other parts of the world, where it has been employed for its anti-inflammatory, expectorant, and mucilage-producing properties.¹

As an ornamental plant, Alcea rosea has been favored for centuries in cottage gardens, prized for its tall spires of brightly colored flowers that attract pollinators like bees and butterflies. Historically, it was introduced to European gardens in the 16th century and quickly became a staple due to its ability to thrive in temperate climates.¹

Taxonomy:^1,2

Kingdom: Plantae

Clade: Angiosperms

Clade: Eudicots

Order: Malvales

Family: Malvaceae

Genus: Alcea

Species: Alcea rosea L.

Fig 1 Alcea Rosea Plant³

Fig 2 Leaf of Alcea Rosea⁴

Fig 3 Flower of Alcea rosea⁵

Synonyms:⁶

Alcea ficifolia, Althaea rosea, Althaea chinensis, Malva rosea,

Alcea biennis subsp. Cretica , Alcea cretica , Alcea microchiton,

Alcea pallida subsp. Cretica , Alcea rosea var. alta,

Alcea rosea var. atra

Regional Names:⁷

Hindi: Gulkhaira

Arabic: Khubbaza

Chinese: Shu Kui

German: Stockrose

French: Rose tremiere

Persian: Khaksheer

Tamil: Tiruverkudukka

Description:

Alcea rosea, known for its striking appearance, is a biennial or short-lived perennial herbaceous plant. Each part of the plant leaves, stem, flowers, root, and fruit holds significant morphological features that are not only key for botanical identification but also for its medicinal use.⁸

Leaves:

The leaves of Alcea rosea are simple, alternate, and rounded with a heart-shaped base. The margin of the leaves is usually lobed, with 5-7 lobes giving the leaf a fan-like appearance. The surface of the leaf is pubescent (covered in soft, tiny hairs), which makes it feel rough to the touch. The leaves are typically 10-20cm in diameter, large enough to be easily noticeable, and are attached to long petioles. The pubescence of the leaves is one of the features that helps protect the plant from herbivores and excessive water loss. In traditional medicine, the leaves are commonly utilized for poultices to soothe inflamed skin or burns due to their mucilage content, which is soothing and protective when applied topically.⁸

Stem:

The plant's stem is erect and can reach an impressive height of 2 to 3 meters, making it one of the tallest plants in the Malvaceae family. The stem is strong, cylindrical, and becomes woody near the base, particularly in the second year of growth. It is also covered in fine hairs, like the leaves, which give the plant a slightly fuzzy appearance. The stem typically grows unbranched, though under certain environmental conditions, it may develop lateral branches. The stem’s ability to grow tall and straight, without extensive branching, contributes to the plant’s vertical growth and its characteristic spires of flowers.⁸

Flowers:

The flowers of Alcea rosea are perhaps its most remarkable feature, with their large, brightly colored petals that come in shades ranging from pale white to deep red, pink, yellow, and almost black. The flowers are arranged in terminal racemes, with each flower measuring 5 to 10cm in diameter. Each flower typically has five petals, which are slightly crinkled or wrinkled in texture, giving them a delicate, paper-like appearance. The petals surround a prominent central column of fused stamens, which is characteristic of plants in the Malvaceae family. The bloom season of Alcea rosea is from June to August, though in warmer climates, it may continue to bloom into September. These flowers are pollinated by bees and other insects, which are attracted to the bright colors and the copious amounts of nectar produced by the plant.⁸

Root:

The root system of Alcea rosea consists of a thick taproot, which anchors the tall plant and allows it to access deep water reserves in the soil. The root is cylindrical and slightly fleshy, and like the rest of the plant, it contains high levels of mucilage. This mucilage makes the root an excellent demulcent and emollient, traditionally used to soothe the digestive tract and treat conditions such as ulcers and gastritis. In Indian traditional medicine, the root is also used in formulations that treat respiratory issues due to its mucilage content, which helps to coat and protect irritated tissues.⁸

Fruit:

The fruit of Alcea rosea is a schizocarp, a dry, dehiscent fruit that splits into individual sections known as mericarps. Each mericarp contains a single seed, and these seeds are relatively small and flat, allowing them to be easily dispersed by the wind. The plant is self-sowing, meaning that once the seeds fall to the ground, they can germinate the following year without the need for replanting. This allows Alcea rosea to spread naturally, especially in favorable environments. The seeds contain oils and compounds that are of interest for their potential medicinal uses, though this is an area that requires further research.

In conclusion, the distinct morphological features of Alcea rosea—its large lobed leaves, tall hairy stem, vibrant flowers, mucilage-rich roots, and schizocarp fruits—make it a valuable plant both for ornamental purposes and in traditional medicine.⁹

Distribution:

Alcea rosea is believed to have originated in Asia, particularly in areas around the Middle East and Central Asia, including parts of China. However, the plant's natural distribution extends to the eastern Mediterranean, and it has been cultivated throughout Europe and other parts of the world for centuries. Today, Alcea rosea is found across the globe, primarily in temperate regions where it thrives in full sunlight and well-drained soils.¹⁰

Native Range:

The original native range of Alcea rosea includes parts of China, the Levant (Eastern Mediterranean), and possibly South-Central Asia. In these areas, the plant was grown for both its therapeutic properties and its ornamental beauty. The earliest historical records suggest that it was grown in the gardens of Persia and along trade routes, which facilitated its spread to Europe and other parts of Asia. In the traditional medicine systems of these regions, the plant’s demulcent and anti-inflammatory properties were well-known.¹⁰

Cultivation in Europe:

By the 16th century, Alcea rosea had been introduced to European gardens, where it quickly became a staple due to its hardiness and showy flowers. The plant's ability to adapt to various soil conditions, along with its tolerance to drought, allowed it to spread throughout Europe, particularly in temperate regions such as England, France, Germany, and the Mediterranean. In many of these countries, Hollyhock became associated with cottage gardens, where it was valued for its ability to grow tall and provide a striking backdrop for smaller plants. In England, the plant became a symbol of rustic beauty, often featured in paintings and literature as an emblem of the countryside.¹⁰

Introduction to India:

In India, Alcea rosea is now widely cultivated, especially in northern states like Punjab, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh, where the climate is suitable for its growth. The plant is valued not only for its ornamental beauty but also for its medicinal properties, which are recognized in both Ayurvedic and Unani systems of medicine. In these systems, the plant’s mucilaginous roots and flowers are used to treat coughs, colds, and skin ailments. In Indian gardens, the plant is also grown for its ability to attract bees and butterflies, which are essential for pollination.¹⁰

Naturalization:

Though Alcea rosea is not native to North America, it was introduced to the continent during the colonial period and has since become naturalized in certain regions of the United States and Canada. The plant is often found growing wild along roadsides, in meadows, and in disturbed soils where it has escaped cultivation. In these regions, it behaves much like a native wildflower, forming part of the natural landscape.²²

The plant's wide geographical distribution is a testament to its adaptability. It thrives in a range of environments, from the dry, sunny climates of the Mediterranean to the temperate regions of Europe and Asia. In India, it grows particularly well in the northern plains and hilly regions, where it has become a common garden plant.¹⁰

Traditional Uses:

In traditional systems of medicine, Alcea rosea has been for various health conditions, due to its calming, anti-inflammatory, and soothing properties. The plant is recognized in Ayurvedic, Unani, and Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) for its ability to treat respiratory, digestive, and skin disorders.¹¹

Ayurveda:

In Ayurveda, Alcea rosea is categorized as a cooling and moistening herb, which makes it particularly useful for treating conditions caused by an excess of Pitta dosha, the dosha associated with heat and inflammation. The flowers and roots are commonly used to treat conditions like coughs, sore throats, and bronchitis, as they help soothe irritation in the mucous membranes. Additionally, the plant is used to treat digestive disorders, such as gastritis and ulcers, due to its mucilaginous properties, which form a protective layer over the stomach lining.⁹

Poultices made from the leaves or flowers are applied topically to reduce inflammation, heal wounds, and treat skin conditions like eczema and burns.¹¹

Unani Medicine:

In Unani medicine, Alcea rosea is known as "Gulkhaira," and its cooling and demulcent properties are highly valued. It is employed to address various respiratory conditions, such as bronchitis, asthma, and coughs. The roots and flowers are often included in formulations meant to soothe the respiratory tract and reduce inflammation in the lungs.⁷

The Unani tradition also uses the plant to treat urinary tract infections and kidney problems. It is believed that the cooling nature of the plant helps to reduce inflammation and irritation in the urinary system. The plant's diuretic properties are also employed to encourage the elimination of excess fluids from the body.¹²

Traditional Chinese Medicine:

In Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Alcea rosea recognized for its ability to clear heat and soothe dryness, making it a valuable herb for treating conditions related to “heat” in the lungs and digestive system. The flowers, in particular, are used to alleviate symptoms of respiratory tract infections, dry cough, and bronchitis. The demulcent nature of the plant helps to moisten the lungs and throat, providing relief from irritation. In TCM, the plant is also used for skin issues, particularly those involving inflammation or heat, such as boils, abscesses, and rashes.¹²

Decoctions made from Alcea rosea are used to calm the stomach and intestines, making it useful in the treatment of gastritis and peptic ulcers. In some cases, the flowers are used to promote urination and relieve conditions associated with urinary tract infections. The cooling and moistening properties of Alcea rosea are central to its role in treating a variety of heat-related conditions in TCM.¹²

Pharmacognostical Studies:

Pharmacognostical studies on Alcea rosea provide important insights into the plant’s morphological, microscopic, and chemical characteristics, which are crucial for proper identification and quality control in herbal medicine. These studies focus on different parts of the plant, such as the leaves, flowers, roots, and seeds, to determine their specific medicinal properties.¹³

Macroscopic and Microscopic Characteristics:

The macroscopic study of Alcea rosea involves an examination of the plant’s external features, such as its large lobed leaves, brightly colored flowers, and tall stem. The stem is covered in fine hairs, and the flowers exhibit a characteristic arrangement of fused stamens surrounding the central pistil, which is typical of the Malvaceae family.¹³

Microscopic analysis of Alcea rosea shows the presence of mucilage cells in both the leaves and roots, which contribute to the plant’s soothing and demulcent effects. The cross-section of the stem reveals a thick epidermis, parenchyma cells, and vascular bundles arranged in a ring. The leaves are dorsiventral, with a palisade layer and spongy mesophyll, which help in photosynthesis and gas exchange. Glandular and non-glandular trichomes are also observed, which protect the plant from herbivores and excessive water loss.¹³

Powder Microscopy:

The powdered form of Alcea rosea is often used in herbal preparations, and pharmacognostical studies of the powder have revealed the presence of characteristic structures such as starch granules, calcium oxalate crystals, and fragments of vascular tissue. The powder is typically brownish-green in color and has a faint, pleasant odor.¹³

Physicochemical Parameters:

Standardization of herbal materials is important for ensuring consistent quality in medicinal preparations. Pharmacognostical studies of Alcea rosea have established key Physicochemical factors like moisture content, total ash, acid-insoluble ash, and extractive values in various solvents (water, alcohol, etc.). These parameters help to ensure the purity and efficacy of the plant material used in medicine.^13,14

Phytochemical Review:

Phytochemical research on Alcea rosea has revealed a variety of bioactive compounds that enhance its therapeutic properties. These compounds include polysaccharides, flavonoids, anthocyanins, tannins, and phenolic compounds, all of which contribute to the plant’s pharmacological effects..¹⁵

Mucilage:

One of the primary active components of Alcea rosea is mucilage, a type of polysaccharide that has demulcent properties. Mucilage is responsible for the plant’s ability to soothe irritated mucous membranes, making it useful in the treatment of respiratory and digestive disorders. It creates a shielding layer over the mucous membranes, helping to reduce inflammation and irritation.¹⁵

Flavonoids:

Flavonoids are a class of polyphenolic compounds found in Alcea rosea. These compounds are recognized for their antioxidant properties, which help combat free radicals and decrease oxidative stress in the body. The presence of flavonoids also supports the plant's anti-inflammatory effects, making it beneficial for treating conditions like arthritis and other inflammatory disorders.¹⁵

Anthocyanins:

The bright colors of Alcea rosea flowers result from anthocyanins, a group of water-soluble pigments that are part of the flavonoid family. Anthocyanins have been demonstrated to possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties. In traditional medicine, anthocyanins are valued for their ability to protect against cardiovascular disease and to support immune function.¹⁵

Tannins:

Tannins are astringent compounds found in Alcea rosea that help to tighten tissues and alleviate inflammation. They are especially effective in treating wounds, burns, and skin irritations. Tannins also have antimicrobial properties, which contribute to the plant’s ability to fight infections and promote healing.¹⁵

Phenolic Compounds:

Phenolic acids and other phenolic compounds found in Alcea rosea have been found to exhibit potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. These compounds play role in the plant’s ability to protect against oxidative damage and to reduce inflammation in various tissues.¹¹

“The alcoholic extract of Alcea rosea flowers and roots demonstrated significant immunostimulant and anticancer effects [1]. Bioactivity-guided fractionation of the flowers of A. rosea resulted in the isolation of six compounds (1-6). The structures were determined using spectroscopic methods, including 1D and 2D NMR. The chemical structures were identified as dihydrokaempferol-4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (1), dihydrokaempferol (2), api (3), kaempferol-3-O-β-D-rhamnopyranosyl-(16”)-β-D-glucopyranoside (4), kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (5), and kaempferol-3-O-[6”-(E-coumaroyl)]-β-D-glucopyranoside (6). Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited strong antioxidant and anticancer properties”.¹⁵

Pharmacological Review:

The pharmacological properties of Alcea rosea have been thoroughly researched, revealing a broad spectrum of therapeutic effects, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and wound-healing actions.¹⁶

Anti-inflammatory Activity:

Studies have shown that extracts of Alcea rosea possess significant anti-inflammatory effects. The mucilage, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds present in the plant help It helps to reduce inflammation by suppressing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and enzymes like cyclooxygenase (COX). These properties make Alcea rosea an effective remedy for conditions such as arthritis, bronchitis, and other inflammatory diseases.¹⁶

Antioxidant Activity:

The flavonoids and anthocyanins in Alcea rosea play a key role in its potent antioxidant activity. These compounds assist in neutralizing free radicals and minimizing oxidative stress in the body, safeguarding cells from damage and lowering the risk of chronic conditions like cancer, heart disease, and neurodegenerative disorders.¹⁶

Antimicrobial Activity:

Extracts of Alcea rosea has been demonstrated that the plant exhibits antimicrobial activity against various bacteria and fungi. The tannins and phenolic compounds in Alcea rosea are especially effective against pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans. This antimicrobial effect supports the traditional use of Alcea rosea in treating infections and wounds.¹⁶

Wound Healing:

The wound-healing properties of Alcea rosea have been attributed to its mucilage content, which creates a protective layer over wounds, aiding in inflammation reduction and promoting healing.¹⁷

Marketed Preparations:

Alcea rosea is used in a variety of herbal products, particularly in traditional medicine systems like Ayurveda and Unani. In the market, it can be found in several forms, including:¹⁸

Herbal Teas and Infusions: The dried flowers of Alcea rosea are commonly used to make teas that are soothing for the throat and digestive system. These teas are available in health food stores and Ayurvedic pharmacies.¹⁸

Topical Ointments and Creams: The plant is included in formulations for treating skin conditions such as eczema, burns, and wounds. Its anti-inflammatory and calming properties make it a popular component in natural skincare products.¹⁸

Syrups and Lozenges: In Ayurvedic and Unani medicine, Alcea rosea is used to make syrups and lozenges that are used to treat coughs, sore throats, and bronchitis. These products are widely available in herbal medicine stores.¹⁸

Capsules and Tablets: Standardized extracts of Alcea rosea are sometimes formulated into capsules or tablets for use in treating inflammatory conditions and promoting digestive health.¹⁸

CONCLUSION:

In conclusion, Alcea rosea is a plant of immense value, both for its ornamental beauty and its wide range of medicinal applications. The plant's mucilage, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and phenolic compounds contribute to its a wide range of pharmacological effects, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and wound-healing properties. Traditionally used in Ayurveda, Unani, and TCM, Alcea rosea remains a key herb for treating respiratory, digestive, and skin conditions.

As interest in herbal medicine continues to grow, further research into the phytochemistry and pharmacology of Alcea rosea is warranted. Its inclusion in modern herbal preparations and natural skincare products highlights its enduring relevance in both traditional and contemporary

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

We would like to extend my sincere gratitude to Dr. G. J. Khan (Principal) and Dr. Majaz Quazi (HOD of Pharmacognosy) JIIU'S Ali Allana College of Pharmacy Akkalkuwa and Management of Jamia Islamia Ishaatul Uloom Akkalkuwa for their continuous motivation and providing all necessary facilities during completion of this work.

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18. Ayurvedic Pharmacopeia of India, Part 1 Vol.3; 45-47

Received on 15.07.2025 Revised on 16.08.2025

Accepted on 11.09.2025 Published on 04.10.2025

Available online from October 10, 2025

Asian J. Res. Pharm. Sci. 2025; 15(4):418-422.

DOI: 10.52711/2231-5659.2025.00062